Flowing through the territory of Belarus and Ukraine, the Dnieper collects water from a vast basin with an area of \u200b\u200b503,000 km 2. It originates in the Smolensk region from a moss swamp (near the village of Kletsovo), at an altitude of about 220 m above sea level. The Dnieper is the third river after the Volga and Kama, the largest river in the European part of the country. For the sources of the Don, it is customary to consider keys located somewhat south of Lake. Ivan In reality, there is usually no flow from Ivan Lake to the Don. For its beginning, the place of exit from Lake. The source of the Don is located in the northern part of the Middle Russian Upland, at an altitude of about 180 m above sea level. In terms of the catchment area of \u200b\u200b422,000 km 2, the Don takes the fourth place among the rivers of the European part of Russia, second only to the Volga, Dnieper and Kama. In the lower reaches, the Urals is used for shipping. A number of reservoirs have been built here, supplying water to Magnitogorsk, the Orsk-Khalilovsk Combine and other cities and industrial enterprises. Of the rivers in the southeastern part of the region, the Urals are of the greatest importance, whose waters in the upper reaches are widely used for water supply to cities and enterprises of the industrial Urals. Accordingly, these three main directions of the Urals are usually divided into three sections: the upper - from the source to the city of Orsk, the middle - between the cities of Orsk and Ural and the lower - from the city of Uralsk to the mouth.Įconomic value and use of the rivers of the south-eastern part of the region Near the city of Orsk, it sharply turns to the west, and, having traveled in a latitudinal direction about 850 km, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Uralsk again it turns almost at a right angle to the south and maintains this direction until it flows into the Caspian Sea. White (the left tributary of the Kama) and initially flows directly to the south. It originates in the Southern Urals near the source of the river. The Urals in terms of catchment area (220,000 km 2) and length (2530 km) are among the largest rivers in the European part of Russia. The length of the river is 3690 km, the basin area is 1380000 km 2. The elevation of the source is 225 m above sea level. It takes its beginning on the Valdai Upland where the key is taken as the source, which is fastened with a wooden log house near the village of Volgin. Among the rivers of Russia, it ranks sixth, second only to the Siberian giant rivers - the Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Amur and Irtysh - in terms of catchment area. Volga is one of the largest rivers: Europe. Among the large rivers is also the southeast - the Urals. The main river of the Black Sea-Caspian slope is the Volga, followed by the Dnieper and Don. The explanation for this is found in the deviation of the rivers to the right under the influence of the Earth's rotation (Coriolis force). On large rivers (Volga, Don, Dnieper, etc.), the asymmetry of the slopes of the valleys is clearly expressed: the right bank is usually high and steep, the left gently sloping and low. A large number of unstable sand rifts are noted in the riverbeds. Sharp fractures of the longitudinal profile are rare and are confined to the shallow beds of bedrock cut through in some places by rivers. Small also their speed and slopes, not exceeding 0.1-0.3 ° / oo. They usually have well-developed valleys with wide, often swampy floodplains, abundant lakes and old rivers. Most of the region’s watercourses are typical lowland rivers. In some places, a rapidly growing network of ravines causes great damage to agriculture, destroying fertile black soil. In the steppe and forest-steppe zones, especially in areas where loess soils are spread, the ravine-girder network, which is a dense network of temporary streams that operate only during snowmelt or heavy rainfall, is widely developed. In the semi-desert zone, they even lose part of their water for evaporation and filtration (the Volga is lower than Volgograd, the Urals). Large rivers - the Volga and the Dnieper - flowing through the steppe spaces, take only relatively small tributaries and increase their water content little. The hydrographic network is represented in such places by dry channels, operating for a short time during snowmelt or intense rainfall. In accordance with this, the river network is becoming less frequent, and in the arid steppes and especially vast semi-desert already appear vast drainage spaces, that is, areas devoid of permanent rivers. As you move south, the surface and underground runoff decreases more and more, the amount of precipitation decreases, the relative evaporation losses increase, more underground water occurs, etc. The river network is most developed in the northern part of the region, in the zone of excessive moisture (forest zone).
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